Tortilla Chips

Enjoy my shoddy prezi

Chips

Sources:

http://photos2.demandstudios.com/dm-resize/photos.demandstudios.com%2Fgetty%2Farticle%2F251%2F117%2F87624537_XS.jpg?w=400&h=10000&keep_ratio=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortilla_chip#History

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doritos

Weapons of the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries

The mortar is relatively simple and easy weapon to operate. A modern mortar consists of a tube into which assistant gunners drop a purpose-designed bomb. The tube is generally set at between 45 and 85 degrees angle to the ground, with the higher angle giving shorter firing distances. The bomb has a small baseline charge and no cartridge case; for extra range propellant rings are attached to the bomb's fins. When it reaches the base of the tube it hits a fixed firing pin, which detonates the baseline charge and fires the projectile.

A rifle is a firearm designed to be fired from the shoulder, with a barrel that has a helical groove or pattern of grooves ("rifling") cut into the barrel walls. The raised areas of the rifling are called "lands," which make contact with the projectile, imparting spin around an axis corresponding to the orientation of the weapon.

Europeans rekindled their interest in sabres due to their confrontations with the Mamelukes in the late 18th century and early 19th century. The Mamluks were originally of Turkish descent, the Egyptians bore Turkish sabres for hundreds of years. During the Napoleonic Wars, the French conquest of Egypt brought these beautiful and functional swords to the attention of the Europeans. This type of sabre became very popular for light cavalry officers, in both France and Britain, and became a fashionable weapon for senior officers to wear.

In July 1900 the Luftschiff Zeppelin LZ1 made its first flight. This led to the most successful airships of all time: the Zeppelins, named after Count von Zeppelin who began working on rigid airship designs in the 1890s, leading to the flawed LZ1 in 1900 and the more successful LZ2 in 1906. At the beginning of World War I the Zeppelin airships had a framework composed of triangular lattice girders covered with fabric which contained separate gas cells. At first multiplane tail surfaces were used for control and stability: later designs had simpler later cruciform tail surfaces. The engines and crew were accommodated in "gondolas" hung beneath the hull driving propellers attached to the sides of the frame by means of long drive shafts. Additionally, there was a passenger compartment (later a bomb bay) located halfway between the two engine compartments.

Pre-dreadnought battleship is the general term for all of the types of sea-going battleships built between the mid- to late-1880s and 1905. Pre-dreadnoughts replaced the ironclad battleships of the 1870s and 1880s. Built from steel, and protected by hardened steel armour, pre-dreadnought battleships carried a main battery of very heavy guns in barbettes (open or with armored gunhouses) supported by one or more secondary batteries of lighter weapons. They were powered by coal-fuelled triple-expansion steam engines.

The Colt Model 1900 was a self-loading semi-automatic .38 caliber handgun introduced by Colt at the turn of the 20th century. t was developed from John M. Browning's earlier prototypes in the late 1890s. The United States military tested the design against other semiautomatic pistols by European makers, and adopted some versions for trial use. The M1900 and variants were also offered commercially.

During World War I, London experienced its first bombing raids, carried out by German zeppelin airships and later by aeroplanes. On 31 May 1915 the first aerial bombing raid on London was carried out by a zeppelin, which dropped high explosives over the East End and the docks, killing seven people. There were a further ten airship raids over London during 1915 and 1916 and a further one in 1917.

A Carbine is a long arm but with a shorter barrel than a rifle or musket. Many carbines are shortened versions of full length rifles, shooting the same ammunition, as opposed to stand alone designs with generally lower powered ammunition. The smaller size and lighter weight of carbines makes them easier to handle. They are typically issued to high-mobility troops such as special-operations soldiers and paratroopers, as well as to mounted, supply, or other non-infantry personnel whose roles do not require full-sized rifles.

At the beginning of the 20th century all armies still maintained substantial cavalry forces, although there was contention over whether their role should revert to that of mounted infantry (the historic dragoon function). In August 1914 all combatant armies still retained substantial numbers of cavalry and the mobile nature of the opening battles on both Eastern and Western Fronts provided a number of instances of traditional cavalry actions, though on a smaller and more scattered scale than those of previous wars.

A Bayonet is a knife, sword, or spike-shaped weapon designed to fit in, on, over or underneath the muzzle of a rifle, musket or similar weapon, turning the gun into a spear. In this regard, it is an ancillary close-quarter combat or last-resort weapon. However, knife-shaped bayonets—when not fixed to a gun barrel—have long been utilized by soldiers in the field as general purpose cutting implements.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rifles1905-2.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/M2-Mortar.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_Zeppelin_ascent.jpg
http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/blimp.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Ocean_(Canopus-class_battleship).jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ocean_(1898)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colt_1905_Luger_45.jpg
http://www.militaryfactory.com/smallarms/guns-1900-1909.asp
http://www.1900s.org.uk/1940s-bomb-shelters-tube.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muskets_carbines_musketoons_blunderbuss.gif
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:21lancers.JPG
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonet
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chassepot_bayonet_assembly.jpg

Utopian Socialism

The utopian socialist thinkers did not use the term utopian to refer to their ideas. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels referred to all socialist ideas that were simply a vision and distant goal for society as utopian. Utopian socialists were likened to scientists who drew up elaborate designs and concepts for creating what socialists considered a more equal society. They were contrasted by scientific socialists, likened to engineers, who were defined as having an integrated conception of the goal, the means to produce it, and an understanding of the way that those means would inevitably be produced through examining social and economic phenomena.

Utopian socialists never actually used this name to describe themselves; the term "Utopian socialism" was introduced by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto in 1848. The Communist Manifesto was first published in London, and put forth ideas of equality throughout the world.

New Lanark is an early example of real life Utopian Socialism, bringing many of Marx's ideas to life. Though living conditions were no better than elsewhere in England at the time, the city was able to maintain itself into the current day.

Syndicalism is a type of economic system proposed as a replacement for capitalism, which proposes that industries be organised into confederations or syndicates. It is a form of communism and economic corporatism that advocates interest aggregation of multiple non-competitive categorised units composed of specialists and representatives of workers in each respective field to negotiate and manage an economy. Syndicalism is an offshoot of Utopian Socialism that planned to organize industry into small groups of workers, such as 1920s Russia.

Friedrich Engels was a German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of Marxist theory, alongside Karl Marx. In 1845 he published The Condition of the Working Class in England, based on personal observations and research. In 1848 he co-authored The Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx, and later he supported Marx financially to do research and write Das Kapital. After Marx's death, Engels edited the second and third volumes. Additionally, Engels organized Marx's notes on the "Theories of Surplus Value" and this was later published as the "fourth volume" of Capital.

La Réunion was a socialist utopian community formed in 1855 by French, Belgian, and Swiss colonists near the forks of the Trinity River in Texas, USA. The Reunion Tower in downtown Dallas is about three miles east of the colony site. The founders of the community were inspired by the utopian thought of the French philosopher François Marie Charles Fourier. Followers of Fourier established 29 similar colonies in various parts of the United States during the 19th century.

http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/marx.html

http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Communist_Manifesto.html?id=lhczngEACAAJ

 Bell, Colin and Rose (1972) City Fathers: The Early History of Town Planning in Britain.

http://www.diarioliberdade.org/archivos/Colaboradores_medios/sturtds/2013-06/engels.jpg
http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~jwheat/santerre38.jpg

Opium Wars

Opium Wars

Opium is the dried latex obtained from the opium poppy. Opium contains approximately 12% morphine, an alkaloid, which is frequently processed chemically to produce heroin for the illegal drug trade and for legal medicinal use in some countries.

The Opium Wars, also known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars, were the First Opium War from 1839 to 1842, and the Second Opium War from 1856 to 1860. These were the climax of disputes over trade and diplomatic relations between China under the Qing Dynastyand the British Empire. 

The Treaty of Nanking was signed on the 29th of August 1842 to mark the end of the First Opium War (1839–42) between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Qing Dynasty of China. It was the first of unequal treaties against the Chinese because Britain had no obligations in return.

This painting is titled Battle at Canton, then known as Guangzhou, depicts one of many fights in the more bloody Second Opium War, taking place from 1856-60.

A British Clipper ship which is used to transport illegal opium from India into China. These ships held dozens of chests-worth in opium and morphine, facilitating an expedient trade of these drugs.

In 1834 to accommodate the revocation of the East India Company's monopoly, the British sent Lord William John Napier to Macau. He tried to circumvent restrictive Canton Trade laws that forbade direct contact with Chinese officials by attempting to send a letter directly to the Viceroy of Canton. The Viceroy refused to accept it, and closed trade starting on 2 September of that year. Lord Napier had to return to Macau (where he died a few days later) and, unable to force the matter, the British agreed to resume trade under the old restrictions.

Following the Battle of Plassey in 1757, in which Britain annexed Bengal to its empire, the British East India Company pursued a monopoly on production and export of Indian opium. The monopoly began in earnest in 1773, as the British Governor-General of Bengal abolished the opium syndicate at Patna. For the next fifty years opium trade would be the key to the East India Company's hold on the subcontinent.

In the 18th century, Britain had a huge trade deficit with Qing Dynasty China and so in 1773, the Company created a British monopoly on opium buying in Bengal. As the opium trade was illegal in China, Company ships could not carry opium to China. So the opium produced in Bengal was sold in Calcutta on condition that it be sent to China.

Xianfeng was the ninth Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, and the seventh Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1850 to 1861. During his reign, the decision of legalizing opium was made, ultimately to keep the drug illegal.

Queen Victoria was the monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1837 until her death. She also used the additional title of Empress of India, and was presiding over the UK during the time that the East Indian Company was at full throttle.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history.html

http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/opiumwars/opiumwars1.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanjing

http://library.thinkquest.org/07aug/01291/Ritvik5.html

 Victoria's Wars: The Rise of Empire. London: Penguin Books. 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_Wars#Second_Opium_War_.281856.E2.80.931860.29

Campbell, John; Watts, William (1760). "Memoirs of the Revolution in Bengal, Anno Domini 1757".

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:《咸丰皇帝朝服像》.jpg

Arabian, Polynesian, and European Ship Technologies

This ship, known as a Dhow, is an ages old Arabian commerce ship. Thousands are still at port in the Arabic world and used in similar fashions. This helped the Islamic world take over trade before many others.

This map shows the routes which Dhow ships made possible, as well as routes that Zheng He took on his voyages. Chinese ships in this fleet numbering in the hundreds were massive and sturdy. 

To demonstrate the enormity of the ships, notice the size of Zheng He's ship in comparison with the Mayflower. Each ship was equipped with diplomats, scholars, soldiers, and all the other necessary parts of a sea-fairing vessel.

Here we see the Mayflower on it's own, looking much more magnificent without a looming leviathan. The most common ships in Europe, however, were quite unlike the three most famous of them. The Mayflower was the Zheng He of Europe.

This is a cog. The lamest of all ships in the world. Able to transport some basic supplies, these ships are why Europe had a late entrance onto oceanic trade. It was not until after the dismantlement of Zheng He's fleet that any European fleet could somewhat match them, being the Spanish Armada. 

Another example of nautical voyages, we see the area that the Spanish had under their watery thumb. Although it did not last, it was the greatest pre-industrial military fleet. When it comes to area covered, the Spanish aren't top dog, neither are the Chinese.

The greatest feat of human expansion until reaching the moon is represented in Polynesia, showing the creative problem solving of insane colonization. It is postulated that these island hoppers may have even landed in the Central American region, but unlikely.

These canoes, used by polynesians, were the greatest maritime vessel until Zheng He's cruisers patrolled the Indian Ocean. These canoes were more practical, however, and helped the Polynesians travel further and further with each island.

The Spanish Armada is the first attempt post-He to be the largest fleet. The pod of ships was the force behind all Spanish occupation and colonization until the 1550s. Until the British Fleet came into existence.

The ultimate ship technology of humanity is Noah's Ark, the plans sent to him through divination. This great man has saved the world, and we are eternally grateful.

God bless you, Noah.

                      

http://www.photosbymartin.com/images/pcd0366/dhow-sunset-65.3.jpg
Briggs, Philip. "Dhows of the swahili coast". Zanzibar Travel Guide
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kieler_Hansekogge_2007.jpg
http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/armadaroute.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pacific_Culture_Areas.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Hokule'aSailing2009.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a3/LoveInArk.jpg\

Song China

Huizong, the Emperor of Song China at the time of Jurchen Invasion in the 12th century C.E.

A Jurchen warrior, one of the common threats to Song China. These Jurchens later took the name of Manchu and are also credited with the establishment of the Jing Dynasty.



This map shows the reaches of the Song Dynasty, as well as neighboring regions and the current political geography of the region. It is notable that the capital is in the northern section, perhaps to be more accessible to foreign diplomats.

Many ways of living and acting that Westerners now see as most thoroughly “Chinese,” or even characteristically East Asian, did not appear before the Song.

The Chinese, we know, are rice eaters and tea drinkers; but most Chinese in the Tang and before ate wheat and millet and drank wine, in that respect looking perhaps more “Western” than “Eastern”; rice and tea became dominant food and drink in the Song.

Although weakened and pushed south along the Huai River, the Southern Song found new ways to bolster its strong economy and defend its own state against the Jin dynasty.The government sponsored massive shipbuilding and harbor improvement projects, and the construction of beacons and seaport warehouses in order to support maritime trade abroad and the major international seaports, such as Quanzhou, Guangzhou, and Xiamen, that were sustaining China's commerce.

The Song dynasty was an era of administrative sophistication and complex social organization. Some of the largest cities in the world were found in China during this period (Kaifeng and Hangzhou had populations of over a million).

During this period greater emphasis was laid upon the civil service system of recruiting officials; this was based upon degrees acquired through competitive examinations, in an effort to select the most capable individuals for governance. Selecting men for office through proven merit was an ancient idea in China. 

The Song judicial system retained most of the legal code of the earlier Tang dynasty, the basis of traditional Chinese law up until the modern era. Roving sheriffs maintained law and order in the municipal jurisdictions and occasionally ventured into the countryside. Official magistrates overseeing court cases were not only expected to be well-versed in written law but also to promote morality in society.

http://www.art-virtue.com/painting/history/sung/sung.htm
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Huizong.jpg
http://www.history-of-china.com/img/song-dynasty-map-b.gif
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty#mediaviewer/File:Chinesischer_Maler_des_11._Jahrhunderts_(III)_001.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_the_Song_dynasty#mediaviewer/File:Qingming_Festival_Detail_16.jpg